定语从句之专题二:that引导定语从句(系统讲解内在原理) |
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定语从句之专题二
that引导定语从句(系统讲解内在原理)
(本文节选自高伟《魔方英语语法》第十一章第四节。已经登记版权,请勿用于商业用途。) (原文标题:定语从句的引导词that的代替和省略)
因为引导词对先行词的复指(重复指定),所以,定语从句的引导词有时可以代替或省略。(注意,因为名从和状从没有先行词,所以,名从和状从的引导词不能代替或省略。)。如, ●The school which/that/Ø he once studied in is very famous.(由于which复指先行词the school,所以,有时可以代替为that,也可以省略。) 下文中,1/2/3/4讲代替,5/6讲that省略。
1/2/3/4讲代替 that本身就是为了代替who(m)/which而产生的,同时也就出现了that与who(m)/which的对比问题。 5/6讲省略 that作连词时可以省略的情况,和,that作代词时可以省略的情况
下边依次讲解。 1.that本身是为了代替who(m)/which而产生的。前边讲过,关系代词一般是由疑问代词变来的。但是,that并不是疑问代词,为何也能引导定语从句呢?这是因为,that本身就是为了代替who(m)/which而产生的。 例句(that代替who(m)/which) ●The man ____you met just now is my old friend. (填who(m)/that/∅。who/that指人。作宾语时可以省略。) ●The man ____is walking on the playground is my old friend. (填who/that。who/that指人。作主语时不能省略。) ●Take the book ____is lying on the table. (填which/that。which/that指物。) ●Do you know the things and persons____they are talking about? (先行词既有人又有物时,用that。因为that可以指人/物,用一个就可以代替。) 2. that/who(m)/which用法比较表,见下表:
情况 \ 引导词 who(m)指人 which指物 that指人/物 ①当先行词被强势指定时 × × that(人/物) ②当先行词是不定代词时 who(m) × that(人/物) ③当主句是there be时 who(m) × that(人/物) ④当引导词作表语时 × which (人/物) that(人/物) ⑤是否能直接作介词的宾语 whom which × ⑥是否能引导非限制性定语从句 who(m) which × 下边举例说明。
各种情况下的先行词 举例 ①先行词被强势指定时,宜用that。如,the+最高级+n.;序数词+n.;the only/very/same/last+n. This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen. This is the first American film that I have ever seen. This is the only thing that we can do. ②先行词是指物的不定代词时,宜用that。如,something/anything等;all/few等(+指物名词)。 I want to buy something that will make me look younger. He was talking with somebody who(m)/that I didn’t know. 先行词是指人的不定代词时,宜用who(m)/that。如,somebody/anybody等;all/few等(+指人名词)。 All the people who/that present burst into tears. You should hand in all (the things) that you have. All the books, which had pictures in them were sent to the little girl.(有all但非限定,则用which。) ③主句是there be句型时,先行词指人用who(m)/that,先行词指物用that。 There’re some people who/that have holidays in Hainan. There is a seat in the corner that is still available. ④引导词在从句中作指人表语时,要用that或which,不能用who(m)。 He is not the man that he was.(用that作指人表语) The policeman was completely trusted, which in fact he was.(在非限制性定从中,用which作指人表语。)
注:⑤的例句见第四节.六.6。⑥的例句见第五节.一。 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] 下一页 引用地址: |
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